why did the allies find it easier to fight hitlers forces after the1945 crossing of the rhine.?
kye superman17
2008-01-28 20:46:58 UTC
why did the allies find it easier to fight hitlers forces after the1945 crossing of the rhine.?
22 answers:
rmschoon
2008-01-28 23:44:48 UTC
They were in the "heartland" of Germany. The Soviets had the Germans pinned on the Eastern Front. The Americans, Brits and Poles (among others) were pushing up through the Alps and into the southern German regions. There was no-where for the Nazi army to go.
We had broken out of the hedgerows which had bogged down most of the American heavy infantry (tanks) in France and the "low countries".
Nazi Germany was starving, lacking medicine and morale was in the toilet.
Hilter's well-trained, battle hardened forces were either dead, or captured. They were left to fight on with young men (some 11-12 years old in the Battle of Berlin), untrained, unprepared for the harshness and brutality of war.
2016-03-19 01:54:08 UTC
Easy my eye! Well I think you'd start off with a feather headed gorilla who lays eggs, and has the impulse to keep crossing and re crossing a road, to get to the other side. And then after getting to each side, he'd also have the impulse to root in the mud at the side of the road and would sprint back to his original point, on the opposite side of the road. And if anyone tries to stop him, he gives them a hefty jolt with the horns on his head that are shared with the chicken feathers. Now couldn't you just picture a horn topped gorilla, with a head full of feathers besides? And sprinting back and forth like a hamster in its' cage. Only to stop and take time to root and roll in the mud if there is any, before returning back to the other side of the road again? Talk about hyper active! Seudi Ni, you have much too much time on your hands. Now I'm curious what is or is not keeping you busy the rest of the time you're not thinking these gems up?
Firebird
2008-01-28 20:55:52 UTC
All Hitler's experienced forces were pretty much dead. Hitler's newbie (but not stupid) forces were spending a lot of time trying to pick which ally to get captured by. Germany was thoroughly cut off from any kind of raw material. Germany was subjected to daily bombing of anything that might produce a bullet or two.
It all adds up.
Tabetha
2016-02-14 16:45:16 UTC
A lot of interested traders are asking themselves the question if you can really make money with binary options? The answer is that you can indeed make money in binary options trading. Learn here https://tr.im/oR7MQ
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Captain
2008-01-28 20:51:12 UTC
First off, we had entered Germany and the Nazis knew it was only a matter of time, morale among the Germans plummeted; and secondly the Soviets were pushing in from the east, tightening the noose.
?
2016-04-16 22:35:03 UTC
Preset the timer in your TV to turn off after 1 hour to remind you to make a move more active.
2008-01-28 20:54:18 UTC
By the time Americans got there, the Germans were done. They knew it was just a matter of time before they lost. Americans just got in time to get the credit for something the Russians fought so hard for.
?
2017-03-11 06:20:59 UTC
Give your dog a bath rather than paying someone else to get it done.
?
2017-03-06 06:49:30 UTC
Stand up each time you talk about the phone.
?
2016-06-22 04:35:58 UTC
Slide a small trampoline under your couch and also pull it out for House of Cards marathons.
Handsome is as handsome does
2008-01-28 20:50:51 UTC
Because US forces were really just a clean-up crew. Russia had the war wrapped up before the US arrived, that's why it was easier.
2015-01-25 05:41:23 UTC
The Diagnostic Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM IV) defines premature ejaculation as a persistent or recurrent ejaculation with minimal sexual stimulation before, on or shortly after penetration and before a person wishes. Wow, that’s not a sexy definition. Personally, I define it as you come quicker than you or your partner wants. Luckly this is a great solution for premature ejaculation https://tr.im/770b8
e-Giftology.com
2008-01-28 20:49:22 UTC
They were out of hedgerow country, for one. Two, they were fighting a retreating force instead of an entrenched one on a fixed defensive line.
?
2016-02-24 20:19:10 UTC
Preset the timer in your TV to turn off after one hour to remind you to do something more active.
?
2016-07-15 08:01:49 UTC
Volunteer to deliver meals or help build housing.
?
2016-01-22 14:21:51 UTC
Instead of sitting and examining, listen to books on tape as you walk, clean, or garden.
2016-12-25 02:41:14 UTC
Wash your car as opposed to taking it through the auto wash.
?
2016-02-25 15:34:46 UTC
Volunteer to produce meals or help build property.
?
2016-05-03 06:13:54 UTC
Walk across the block once mid-morning and once midafternoon.
2016-12-25 23:43:11 UTC
Put way up more Christmas lights.
2016-02-14 16:53:48 UTC
Help your kids clean up their rooms.
2008-01-28 20:51:17 UTC
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#728 From: "Brian Mitchell"
Date: Fri Feb 3, 2006 3:53 pm
Subject: Chapters 42 - 44. 1917 AND ALL THAT: THE UNTAUGHT HISTORY SYLLABUS. In Their Own Words: A Political History Of The Cold War 1917-1983 evolutionnow...
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1917 AND ALL THAT: THE UNTAUGHT HISTORY SYLLABUS.
In Their Own Words: A Political History Of The Cold War 1917-1983.
By Brian Mitchell.
Chapters 42 - 44 of 50.
Chapter 42
THE SOVIETS REBUILD THEIR DEVASTATED COUNTRY.
"I remember, how during the war - I was only a child then - the Germans came to
our house in Donetsk. And they beat my father... they beat him with a rod... But
we do not want to be beaten. No, we refuse to be beaten! One feature of the
history of old Russia was the continual beatings she suffered because of her
backwardness... She was beaten by the British and French capitalists... All beat
her because of her backwardness, military backwardness, political backwardness,
agricultural backwardness, they beat her because to do so was profitable and
could be done with impunity."
(Soviet worker from the Donetsk coal mining region quoting Russian history.) (1)
(1)See:John Summers "The Red and the Black." Progress Publishers. Moscow 1979.
"On 21st June... At about 4 am the bombs came down on the town and in another
half hour we were engaged in furious combat with a German airborne landing on
the outskirts of our town. None of us knew at the time, nor could we know, that
1,418 days and nights would have to pass before we wreaked vengeance on the
fascist sadists for the havoc they caused our peaceful nation, for the tears of
our mothers and children."
(Sergei Gvazov, Kiev.) (2)
(2)See:Carey Schofield (Ed) "Russia at War 1941-45." Stanley Paul. London 1987.
"Never again will capital invade our country in any shape or form."
(Stalin.)
Tricked, betrayed, attacked and constantly threatened by the capitalist world
for daring to overthrow the capitalist system and taking the means of production
and political power into their own hands; can the Soviet people be blamed for
saying: "NIET!" - that never again will foreign aggressors intrude upon Soviet
soil or will Soviet mothers cry for lost sons? - That "never again will capital
invade our country in any shape or form."?
The Soviet Union emerged from the war with tremendous influence and
international prestige. The Soviet people's victory over Nazi Germany had shown
the world the economic, political, ideological, industrial and military
superiority of united socialist society:
"A nation in which the majority of workers and peasants realise that they are
fighting for their own Soviet power, for the rule of the working people - such a
nation can never be vanquished."
(Lenin.)
When Hitler attacked the USSR in 1941 the very existence of Britain and the rest
of the world, including the US, depended on the Soviet Union's ability to
survive:
"The American people should remember that they were on the brink of disaster in
1942. If the Soviet Union had failed to hold on its front, the Germans would
have been in a position to conquer Great Britain. They would have been able to
overrun Africa, too, and in this event they could have established a foothold in
Latin America. The impending danger was constantly in President Roosevelt's
mind."
(US Secretary of State, Stettinius.) (3)
(3) E.R.Stettinius "Roosevelt and the Russians." Jonathan Cape. London 1950.
"I find it difficult this spring and summer to get away from the fact that the
Russian armies are killing more Axis personnel and destroying more Axis material
than all the other twenty-five united nations put together."
(US President Roosevelt, May 1942, in New York Times Oct 20 1955.) (1)
(1) See:Michael Howard "Grand Strategy." Vol IV. Aug 1942-Sept 1943. HMSO.
London 1972.
Hollywood and the history books play down, or more usually completely ignore the
decisive role of the Soviet Union in the Second World War.
In July 1941, 196 German divisions were fighting on the Soviet front, while only
eight were fighting on all other fronts. Germany lost 13.6 million troops in
World War Two - 10 million of these in the war with the Soviet Union. Most of
the war was fought by the Soviet people; not by John Wayne or Frank Sinatra.
Many irresponsible Western sources attempt to discredit Soviet production by
playing up the importance of wartime Lend Lease supplies as "saving" the Soviet
Union's neck. Nothing could be more hatefully untrue.
"To the end of the war the Russians managed to supply the great bulk of the
fighting tools: 92.5 per cent of the planes used; 91.5 per cent of the tanks,
98.5 per cent of the artillery; 95.5 per cent of the shells, 94.5 per cent of
the cartridges and 100 per cent of the rifles."
(British historian D.F.Fleming.) (2)
(2) D.F. Fleming "The Cold War and its Origins." Doubleday. London 1961.
See also:R.Palme Dutt "Problems of Contemporary History." Lawrence and Wishart.
London 1963..
Lend Lease supplies accounted for less than 5 percent of the USSR's war
production needs; such as 12 percent of its aircraft, 10 percent of its tanks
and armour, and less than 3 percent of its ordinance and other supplies. Even
so, Soviet soldiers were grateful for Lend Lease supplies, even the tins of
"Second Front" corned beef. And Lend Lease was no "gift" to the Soviet people.
British and US companies profited from it. The Soviet people paid in ships
returned loaded with valuable raw materials for the Western allies.
#The people of the USSR paid a heavy price for the destruction of German
fascism. Two in every five people killed in World War Two were Soviet citizens.
The material damage amounted to 485,000,000,000 dollars. Suffering such losses,
the Soviet Union not only freed itself, but 113,000,000 other Europeans from
Fascism. Such is the debt owed to the Soviet people that Western war films,
history books, children's war magazines and comics, and other propaganda
irresponsibly and callously ignore.
On December 18 1940 Hitler signed Directive 21: his "Plan Barbarossa".
Unlike elsewhere in Europe, and following his intentions as stated in his
"Barbarossa" plan, Hitler's policy in the USSR was to destroy everything,
especially industry.
Western propagandists try to say that the Red Army did not demobilise after the
war. But this is a lie. For one thing, the manpower was needed for the vast
reconstruction of the Soviet Union; so much had been destroyed. The Soviet
people after the war were back almost to the position they were in just after
the revolution. They had nothing; no farms, no homes, no industry, nothing;
nothing.but devastation everywhere:
"The immediate object of my journey was to estimate the damage caused by war and
examine the Soviet steps towards reconstruction. My ultimate object to gain an
impression of the kind of human beings that the past two and a half decades had
produced in the Soviet Union...
My diary, written minute by minute during seven hours' low level flight, reads
with monotonous regularity: 'trenches, more trenches, tank trenches, shell
After the war Oberlander became Adenauer's Minister for Refugees and a CDU
member in the Bundestag.
Nazi Generals and military leaders who proved that international laws and the
laws of humanity mean nothing to them were immediately employed by the US for
their experience in fighting the Soviets and eventually were back in command of
the Bundeswehr with nuclear weapons at their disposal.
Nazi Field Marshal Kesselring, responsible for air attacks on Britain in 1940;
was on February 1954, as President of the Neo-Nazi "Stalhelm" (steel helmet)
veteran's organisation, presented with a cake with marzipan jet fighters and
iced with the words "To the old eagle" by US Colonel Armstrong at a US airfield
in West Germany.(1)
Hitler's Chief of Staff General Halder and his tank and blitzkrieg expert
General Guderian were employed by the US Army to explain the German Army's
mistakes in its invasion of the Soviet Union.
"A damned scandal that men like Jodl, Doenitz and Raeder should be held as war
criminals. They should be released and working with us, giving us the benefit of
their experiences."
(Allied Colonel of Press Relations, Berlin, 1945.) (2)
Nazi Colonel Johannes Trautloft flew in the German "Condor Legion" which bombed
Republicans in the Spanish Civil War. In his book "As A Fighter Pilot in Spain"
and in his diary he describes the attack on the tiny village of Olalla in Toledo
and his participation in what became known to the world as the "massacre of the
children of Getafe" where 63 children were killed in the bombing of a school:
"Flying low we fire our machine-gun bursts into the enemy... Human beings creep
forth, many stagger, fall, lie still... Certainly nothing can give the soldier
more satisfaction than the sight of the enemy in a confused, panic-stricken
flight... Before flying back to Cacares we drink several glasses of light ale
and then fly home with considerable dash."
(Johannes Trautloft, in his book "As A Fighter Pilot in Spain.")
"The work accomplished today is tremendous."
(Johannes Trautloft, in his diary after Getafe, Oct 30 1936.)
After 1945 Trautloft spent his time building neo-fascist military organisations
such as the Association of the Condor Legion where he declared in 1956:
(1)See:"Conspiracy Against Europe. The Paris Agreements." Committee for German
Unity. Berlin 1955.
(2)See:Wilfred Burchett "Cold War in Germany." Melbourne 1950
"The effectiveness of the Condor Legion in Spain must be an example to young
people in Federal Germany."
(Johannes Trautloft, Klopp Castle, Bingen, 1956.)
Trautloft became Commanding General of West Germany's Luftwaffe Group South.
"The education system in Germany must be so supervised that fascist and military
doctrines are completely eliminated and a successful development of democratic
ideas is made possible."
(From the Potsdam Agreement.)
In the GDR the entire education system was de-nazified. In 1945-46 alone, out of
37,000 teachers, 22,600 former members of the Nazi party were dismissed from the
education service and their places were taken by new teachers or trainees from
the democratic, progressive, labour, liberal and humanitarian sections of
society. Fascist professors, teachers, historians, publishers, writers and
journalists are never again allowed to influence public opinion.
In West Germany, Nazi teachers, and professors of Nazi philosophy and ideology
were back lecturing in their universities and colleges and schools. Nazi
historians, publishers, writers and journalists were again churning out the same
naked capitalist hatred and militarism.
"For the purpose of transforming the German legal system, all previous members
of the nazi party who took an active part in its activities, and all other
persons who were directly involved in the methods of punishment of the Hitler
regime must be deprived of their office as judges and public prosecutors and may
not be re-admitted to such offices."
(Allied Control Council decree on basis of Potsdam Agreement, Oct 30 1945.)
Judges who sent millions of Europeans to their deaths without even a trial were
back in West Germany's legal system; many of them as defence witnesses in war
crimes trials, giving 'evidence' that Nazi legislation was correct and legal.
Nazi Public Prosecutor Eduard Dreher who sent hundreds of thousands of
communists, trade unionists, labour activists, anti-fascists and Jews to their
deaths from the Special Court at Innsbruck. After 1945 he became Ministerial
Director in Bonn's Federal Ministry of Justice and reporter of the Great Penal
Law Commission drafting West Germany's Penal Code:
"In my opinion, the statute proceeds from the principle that the citizen can, on
the one hand, vote as he wants to, but that, on the other hand, he should vote
as he thinks best for the benefit of the state. If, however, a citizen stabs, so
to speak, the state in the back and thus proves that he is opposed to the
well-being of the state, it might be quite sensible to deprive him of the right
to vote."
(Minutes of the Great Penal Law Commission of West Germany.) (1)
By 1945 there became no difference between the Nazi press and the Allied press
in their anti-Soviet stories and in their complete rehabilitation of the Nazis.
(1)See:The Brown Book. War and Nazi Criminals in West Germany. Verlag Zeit im
Bild. Dresden.
As part of its campaign to divide Germany after the war the Western press was
alive with anti-Soviet propaganda:
"One enthusiast in the British I.S.D. (Information Services Division) produced a
plan for "counter propaganda," working through the German press and certain
British journalists... A definite programme of prefabricated stories was to be
floated for simultaneous release to British and German correspondents. An exact
list of stories was contained in the memorandum produced by the official
concerned. It included the following "news" stories. "Mass arrests for former
social democrats in the Soviet Zone," "Food riots in certain cities in Soviet
Zone," "Slave labour in the uranium mines in Soviet Zone," "Mass exodus of
workers to the West,"."
(Australian journalist Wilfred Burchett, in his book "Cold War in Germany.)
They had taken their cue from Goebbels:
"I submit to the Fuhrer my propaganda plan for publicising Soviet atrocities and
my intention to use Guderian in this connection. The Fuhrer is in full agreement
with this plan. He approves the idea that prominent National Socialists should
be kept somewhat in the background in publicising these atrocities since our
information will acquire greater international credibility thereby... it is
essential that people should be absolutely clear on what they think of
bolshevism... We must try to get out of our dilemma somehow."
(Goebbels, in his diary, March 4 1945.)
Books were published in West Germany justifying and glorifying Hitler, appearing
under titles such as "My Brother Adolf" written by Hitler's sister Paula,
"Hitler As He Really Was", "Hitler's Youth", "Talks With Hitler", and "Hitler's
Great Love." The same anti working class, anti-communist, anti-Soviet,
racialist, Nazi attitudes and opinions were cultivated, and with great effect.
It is worth quoting at length the experiences of noted Australian journalist
Wilfred Burchett, who covered post-war Germany:
""You know, Helga, our soldiers didn't always behave as they ought to have done
at the front," she said in a mild understatement.
Helga straightened up and flushed. "Mutti," she screamed, "I won't have you say
things like that about our troops. German soldiers and German officers are
always correct. They could never have behaved like these... these..." and she
sought for a term sufficiently vile, "these Slavic gutter pigs. They should have
been our slaves and would have been but for that awful winter at Stalingrad."
I thought at the time that Helga was an exception, a candidate for a lunatic
asylum, but I soon realised she was the normal spokesman for the Berlin upper
middle-class...
In 1946, I found the German middle-class had forgotten about that episode and
were innocent of any knowledge of persecution of Jews or Communists. "But we had
no idea such things were going on," they would say with wide eyed innocence...
The German middle-class knew better than anybody else what was going on -
especially as regards the Jews. They all had business dealings with the Jews.
Every city-dweller in Germany could see quite well what happened in the first
week of November, 1938, when the synagogues were fired and shops looted.
Concentration camps did not start with the war. They started within a few weeks
of the abolition of the Weimar Constitution which gave Hitler his powers as
dictator. The arrest of thousands of Communists, trade union officials,
socialists and Jews did not take place in 1939 or 1940, but from 1933 onwards...
German "innocence" on these matters has been given official recognition by the
highest British and American officials in Germany.
General Robertson, then British Military Governor, issued a statement on June 4,
1948, giving new "fraternisation" instructions to British personnel in Germany
urging the friendliest and closest relations with the Germans. Amongst other
things he said, "They are a Christian and civilised people to whom we can no
longer bear any ill-will... A people who had fallen under evil influences during
the war."
What was done by the Nazis until the day war broke out is sanctioned in other
words by General Robertson... the nature of General Robertson's appeal is such
as to drive home to the German people that the British chose them rather than
the "un-Christian and uncivilised" Russians. General Robertson tells the Germans
they were quite all right as Nazis, but went wrong "during the war.""
(Australian journalist Wilfred Burchett, in his book "Cold War in Germany.")
To the British ruling class, the Nazis were all right but they shouldn't have
made war - at least not against the West. The West's policy on the Nazis after
the war became the same as it was in the 1930s when British Tories were saying:
"I ask those who hate Hitler... what has Hitler done of which we can reasonably
complain?... Let us try to forget his misdeeds of the past, and the methods
which, no doubt, we all of us deplore, but which I suggest have been very
largely forced upon him."
(British Tory C.T.Culverwell M.P. Oct 6 1938.) (1)
The Potsdam treaty and other agreements were to remove Nazis from any positions
of power:
"Those German officers and men and members of the Nazi party who have been
responsible for, or have taken a consenting part in, the atrocities, massacres
and executions, will be sent back to the countries in which their abominable
deeds were done in order that they may be judged and punished... The three
Allied powers pursue them to the uttermost ends of the Earth and will deliver
them to their accusers in order that justice may be done."
(From the Declaration on German (Nazi) Atrocities, signed by Britain, the US and
the USSR in Moscow Oct 30 1943.)
"It is our inflexible purpose to destroy German militarism and Nazism...
...German economy shall be decentralised, for the purpose of eliminating the
present excessive concentration of economic powers, as exemplified in particular
by cartels, syndicates, trusts and other monopolistic arrangements."
(From the Potsdam Agreement.)
"The history of the use of the I.G. Farben trust by the Nazis reads like a
detective story. Defeat of the Nazi army will have to be followed by the
eradication of those weapons of economic warfare."
(Roosevelt, in a letter to Cordell Hull, Sept 8 1944.) (2)
Removal of IG-Farben plant by the Western allies was stopped on orders from the
US Government.
The Potsdam treaty agreement to remove Nazis from power was firmly resisted by
the British and Americans:
"The forces of fascism in Germany are very far from being eradicated. As you
know, land reform and the liquidation of the big landowners, those former
reliable supporters of Hitler, has only been carried out in the Soviet
Occupation Zone, and has not even been started in the western zones... all those
cartels, trusts, syndicates and so on on which German fascism relied in
preparation for aggression and waging war, continue to exercise their influence,
especially in the western zones."
(Soviet delegate to the Foreign Minister's Conference, Paris, 1946.)
By 1946 most Nazi industrial leaders were free.
#(1)See:Gracchus "Your M.P." Victor Gollancz. London 1944.
(2)See:Charles Higham "Trading With the Enemy." Robert Hale. London 1983.
Because of American resistance to the denazification programme, the head of the
US decartelisation authority, Colonel Bernstein resigned in 1945. His deputy
explains why:
"...on every step of the hierarchy of the US Military Government and from one
end of the American Zone of Germany to the other, responsible officers are
resisting denazification on the grounds that we must erect a bulwark against
Bolshevism and Russia. It is quite clear that the last six months in Germany
have resulted in the setting aside of the decartelisation department, which was
really serious in its efforts to destroy the economic concentration of power and
which made the Potsdam Agreement the guide to its actions."
(Russell A. Nixon, deputy to the resigned head of the decartelisation authority
of the US Military Government, Colonel Bernstein, in a statement to the Senate
Committee on Armed Services, Feb 1946.) (1)
All Nixon was able to do was arrest a few minor Nazis. He wanted to arrest the
leaders of the big Nazi banks and question them about the Austrian and Czech
gold transferred to the Nazis through the BIS at the beginning of the war. US
intelligence was ordered not to make the arrests. When Nixon protested to
Washington the Nazi bankers were taken in; but they were immediately released
and the US Government threatened Nixon with conviction as a "radical".
When Nixon arrested Richard Freudenberg, a major Nazi industrialist who worked
with Goering, the US Ambassador to Germany Robert Murphy ordered his release:
"It is not in conformity with American standards to cut away the basis of
private property."
(US Ambassador to Germany Robert Murphy.) (2)
The British also obstructed Russell Nixon's work. The British Labour Government
was in deep financial crisis and wanted good connections with Germany. The
British were also interested in maintaining IG-Farben. When Nixon complained to
Sir Percy Mills of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Mills put further obstructions in
the way.
Bernstein's successor, James Martin also resigned in July 1947:
"I am resigning in protest against the machinations of the big American
companies in Germany...
These American groups want to set up a Germany controlled by the monopolies in
the heart of Europe."
(James Martin, July 1947.) (3)
Martin's successor was told by General Clay to:
"...stop at once all measures to loosen the monopolies or dissolve the trusts."
(US General Clay, to Martin's successor, R. Bronson, Spring 1948.) (4)
(1)See:Denis and Cynthia Roberts "How to Secure Peace in Europe." Harney and
Jones. London 1985.
See also:Martin Radmann "Potsdam Agreement and 20 Years Later." Verlag Zeit im
Bild. Dresden
(2)See:Charles Higham "Trading With the Enemy." Robert Hale. London 1983.
(3)See:Denis and Cynthia Roberts "How to Secure Peace in Europe." Harney and
Jones. London 1985.
(4)See:Denis and Cynthia Roberts "How to Secure Peace in Europe." Harney and
Jones. London 1985.
"We had not been stopped in Germany by German big business. We had been stopped
in Germany by American big business. The forces that stopped us had operated
from the United States but had not operated in the open. We were not stopped by
a law of Congress, by an Executive Order of the President, or even by a change
of policy approved by the President... in short, whatever it was that had
stopped us was not "the government." But it clearly had command of channels
through which the government normally operates. The relative powerlessness of
governments in the growing economic power is of course not new... national
governments stood on the sidelines while bigger operators arranged the world's
affairs."
(James Martin, in his book "All Honourable Men.")
When the remaining 19 staff at the department wrote protesting to General Clay,
they were sacked.
In 1945 and 1946 US Assistant Attorney General O. John Rogge wanted to expose
US-Nazi connections in top busineess, banking, finance and government circles.
Attorney General Tom C. Clarke reluctantly authorised the mission. Rogge
researched at Nuremberg and wrote a report to Attorney General Clarke. Clarke
immediately declared the report a "secret document" and it could not be
publicised. With permission from the US Justice Department, Rogge went on a two
week lecture tour with his findings. On a flight to give a lecture in Seattle,
Washington, his plane encountered "bad weather" and made an unscheduled stop for
"refuelling" at Spokane, where he was told there was "no room" for him on the
rest of the flight. A "stranger" at the airport where his plane made the
"unscheduled" stop handed Rogge an envelope. The stranger said he was from the
FBI, and the letter was Rogge's instant dismissal from his job. This was on
President Truman's orders to Attorney General Clark, who told the press that
Rogge was dismissed for violating "long-standing rules and regulations." (1)
"In my opinion, international fascism, though defeated in battle, is not dead...
No, fascism is not dead in the United States. On the contrary it is now in the
process of postwar reconversion... The old familiar faces are spouting the old
familiar fascist lies."
(US Assistant Attorney General O. John Rogge, in a memo to the Attorney General,
Feb 28 1946.)
The West made it quite clear that they had no intention of keeping to the
Potsdam agreement:
"I think the Potsdam agreement, for all intents and purposes, should now be
treated as pretty much of a dead letter."
(J.F.Dulles, US Senate Hearings on the European Recovery Plan [Marshall Plan.
B.M.] Jan 1948.)
The Americans had become the new "master race":
"We saved my wife in the war. She was a slave-labourer and Jewish...
The Americans kicked me out of Germany when I objected to the light treatment of
Schacht and others at Nuremberg... I saw how the Americans were re-nazifying
Germany...
I tried to get my fiancee to America, but no: ten thousand war criminals were
more welcome."
(James C. Bilotta, Chairman of the American Veteran's Committee in Frankfurt, in
a letter to Soviet Weekly newspaper, London, Sept 20 1986.)
Thousands of ex-Nazis and Nazi collaborators and war criminals were brought
secretly to Britain and the US after the war. As is detailed later in this book;
many
(1)See:A.E.Khan "High Treason." The Hour Publishers. NY 1950.
of these were anti-communist 'emigres' from the USSR who had collaborated with
the Nazis and murdered many thousands of their own people.
British propaganda makes much of some of these "dissidents", described by the
British authorities as innocent "political refugees", fascists who having worked
with the Nazis, were British prisoners of war and returned to the USSR,
naturally against their will, after the war - the so-called "victims of Yalta."
As we shall see later in this book, many of these were Ukrainian nationalists
and Vlasovites who had collaborated with the Nazis. Of course they didn't want
to go back to the USSR, where they would be tried for their war crimes against
their own people.
Foreign Office files now declassified show that the British authorities in no
way accepted that these were innocent refugees:
"It is clear that these Ukrainians are in no way to be regarded as innocent
political dissidents."
(Foreign Office Official.) (1)
Others were Nazi collaborators and anti-communists from the newly emerging
Socialist countries. Officially described as "political refugees", they became
very useful in the new Cold War against the more feared enemy than the Nazis -
the Soviets. Some of these collaborators on Soviet territory were, given the
task by their Nazi masters of staying behind in Soviet territory after the
German retreat. British MI6 officers searched the displaced persons camps after
the war recruiting agents to sneak back or be parachuted by the RAF into Soviet
territory to carry out destruction of bridges and transport and other
installations, terrorism, disruption, shoot Soviet soldiers, and to send back
information. The Soviets captured leaders of the Western backed "Ukrainian
Insurgent Army" and Ukrainian "freedom fighters" working for the West and
radioing information to Western intelligence from hidings in the Carpathian
mountains as late as 1952. Some of these Ukrainian Nazis had entered the USSR
from exile with the Nazi invasion in 1941.
Collaborators and anti-communists emigres were also recruited by the West for
their subversive radio stations such as "Radio Liberty" and "Radio Free Europe",
beaming propaganda and instructions for disruption into the socialist countries.
The West propaganda services set up emigre organisations and 'conferences' such
as the "Convention of Delegates of the Resistance Movements of the
Anti-Bolshevik Nations of Europe and Asia" now known as ABN (the Anti-Bolshevik
Bloc of Nations), held by the "Scottish League for European Freedom" in June
1950. These 'conferences' were the successor of the "Conference of Enslaved
Nations of Eastern Europe" set up by the Reich ministry for Occupied Eastern
Territories in 1943. The ABN's executive included the Byelorussian collaborator
Vladislav Ostrowsky (Rodoslav Ostroski), a Latvian SS officer who was awarded
the Iron Cross by the Nazis for his services to the Reich, and a Hungarian
General of the viciously fascist Arrow Cross which engineered a coup which
bought to power a Nazi government in Hungary in 1944 and then annihilated the
Jews of Hungary.
As well as for propaganda purposes, many fascist collaborators and emigres were
recruited by the British and Americans to go back into their countries as
saboteurs, spies, propaganda activists, and to sit and wait for the right moment
for disruption, anti-communist activities and counter-revolution. From these and
the Nazis, Western intelligence needed the fullest details and information about
the extent of the Soviet Union's war damage and its capacity to defend itself.
They also wanted extensive information on Communist groups and individuals in
their countries and in Western Europe; and they recruited members of the Gestapo
and their collaborators and their Nazi masters who had been so expert in
liquidating communists and their supporters and sympathisers and gathering
information on them. One of these, recruited by the Britain's SIS in 1945 and by
the Americans, was Klaus Barbie, the 'butcher of Lyons', who had extensive
information on the French and Dutch Communists and resistance.
(1)See:New Statesman Aug 5 1988.
Much was learned of British post-war intentions and attitudes by the Soviets who
had heavily infiltrated the displaced persons camps and the emigre organisations
with their own agents. And the British SIS department for anti-Soviet activities
was headed by Kim Philby, who was also the liaison officer with the CIA. Also
the US Justice Department, with a much more freedom of information, provided
massive evidence not available in Britain of what the British were doing in this
respect.
The British SIS and Sir Stewart Menzies secured the co-operation of Labour
Foreign Minister Bevin in the new Cold War against the Soviet Union. It became
an obstruction to the Cold War and an embarrassment to the British Government to
continue the war crimes prosecutions of these many thousands of collaborators
and Nazis, who are now employed by the British Secret Services, the CIA, the
Pentagon, and British and US chemical and biological warfare establishments and
laboratories and universities. British scientists from Porton Down searched
occupied Germany for Nazi scientists in order to gain their information on
chemical and biological warfare. Klaus Barbie was employed as an MI-6 agent from
1945 to 1947. Many Nazi experimenters from the concentration camps are now heads
of Western chemical, medical and biological institutions, companies,
laboratories and government ministries.
Auschwitz 'doctor' Valadistov Dering, who 'operated' on teenage Jewish girls
became a doctor in the British colonial service in Somalia and ended up running
a highly profitable Harley Street practice in London and was awarded the Order
of the British Empire. (1)
"At the present time, there is resident in the British zone, a Soviet citizen.
His presence in the British zone is a source of embarrassment to the British
military government, as the Soviet authorities are continually asking for his
return for trial as a war criminal.
And the British have asked me if it is possible for US intelligence authorities
to take him off their hands and see that he be sent to the US where he can be
lost."
(US intelligence document, Germany, 1947.) (2)
The Soviet citizen in question is Nikolai Poppe, wanted as a war criminal by the
USSR. Professor Poppe is still living happily in the USA.
Demands by the Soviet Union for the return of war criminals to face sentence are
ignored by the West. Only one or two token deportations have been carried out.
Fedorenko, who worked for the SS at Treblinka, where more than 800,000 people
from 20 nations, including 1,500 from Britain and the US, were murdered, was
deported from the US in 1984; and Karl Linnas, an Estonian nationalist and
member of an Estonian fascist organisation in his university days, who worked
for the Nazis even in unoccupied territory behind the Soviet lines and later
volunteered to serve in the Tartu death camp where he became the chief and took
part personally in the murder of 12,000 Soviet people, including Estonians,
Russians, Ukrainians and Jews from 1941, was returned to the USSR in 1987.
"In December 1941 little children who could not even walk were brought here. The
guards dragged them to the ditch. Babies were taken to the ditch and shot. The
sick and wounded would be brought to the execution on stretchers. In spring,
when the snow melted, dead bodies could be seen in the water. Later the ditch
was filled in and wheat was sown there..."
(Lilli Lyoke, witness of the Tartu death camp.)
(1)See:"Conspiracy Against Europe. The Paris Agreements." Committee for German
Unity. Berlin 1955.
See also: John Loftus "The Belarus Secret." Penguin. London 1983.
#See also: Charles Allen Jr. Reference Book on Nazis in Britain and the US.
(2)See:Morning Star Jan 31 1987.
When the Red Army was getting close, Czech prisoners were ordered to dig up and
burn the bodies, and were killed themselves. Linnas joined the retreating German
army and disappeared.
Protected in West Germany at the end of the war, Linnas was not troubled by the
denazification authorities and was helped to reach the US in 1951, where he was
given US citizenship and lived happily near New York. Ervid Vyks, who also
murdered thousands of Soviet people at Tartu, found shelter in Australia. Both
the US and Australian governments refused extradition of Linnas and Vyks, so
they were tried in absentia. Only after years of US public pressure was Linnas
put on trial in the US in 1979, but only for the crime of "concealing his past"
from US immigration officials. Linnas was deprived of his US citizenship in 1981
and deportation proceedings were carried out in 1983. US officials and lawyers
immediately chased loopholes in the law and nationalist emigre organisations -
those same 'patriotic' dissidents and emigres the Western media loves to listen
to for the 'truth' about human rights in the USSR - campaigned in order to save
Linnas from deportation.
Britain, who signed the Potsdam and other agreements, has not attempted to take
part in any measures for the prosecution of any of the Nazi war criminals who
found shelter and security in Britain. The British Government's excuse for not
following up cases of Nazi war criminals living in Britain in the 1980s was that
it all happened "so long ago." But such an illegitimate excuse was used even
only three years after the war had ended:
"...we are now by stages closing down the process of handing over war criminals,
traitors and collaborators... the obligations into which we entered must be read
in the context of the war, we are now three and a half years past the end of the
war. There is therefore a strong argument for bringing to an end arrangements
made in the wartime atmosphere... in British eyes justice should be deterrent
and reformative and not retributive. There is little likelihood of reforming any
war criminals, and it is extremely doubtful whether their further punishment
will do any more to deter others."
(Secret Foreign Office note to British delegation at UN 1948.) (1)
Thus the British Government, saying that there would be "no deterrent", made it
quite clear that any future such war criminal would only have to hide away for
three and a half years, until we were out of a "wartime atmosphere", and he
could be free to live a comfortable and happy life.
"In general, no fresh trials should be started after August 31, 1948. This would
particularly effect the cases of alleged war criminals who subsequently came
into our hands... In view of future political developments in Germany... it is
necessary to dispose of the past as soon as possible."
(Memo from Commonwealth Relations Secretary Phillip Noel-Baker, 1948.) (2)
A new and much reduced central registry of war criminals "Final Consolidated
Wanted List" of 1948 ("consolidated" being an esoteric way of circumventing:
"thinned out") stated that previous wanted lists should be destroyed.
"Our policy should henceforth be to draw a sponge across the crimes and horror
of the past... There can be no revival of Europe without the active and loyal
aid of all the German tribes."
(Winston Churchill, House of Commons, 1947.)
Churchill then donated to the support fund for Nazi Field Marshal von Manstein
on trial in Hamburg for war crimes in the Soviet Union. Von Manstein was back in
the West German Army by 1952.
(1)See:Searchlight, April 1987.
(2)See:Morning Star Jan 31 1987.
The British government, a Labour government at the time, put all kinds of blocks
on Soviet requests for extradition of war criminals living in Britain; using the
circular argument that if their crimes were proved they would be handed over for
trial:
"If an Allied Government desires the arrest of any person as a war criminal, the
British authorities... will hand him over as soon as they are satisfied that the
prima facie case of his identity and of his guilt has been established."
(British Labour Government representative at UN General Assembly Hector McNiel,
1947.) (1)
The Soviets named names and gave overwhelming evidence The insolent British
Labour government reply was to say that these had no chance of a fair trial in
the USSR. In the case of those from Soviet States such as Estonia the Foreign
Office reply was that the British Government did not recognise these countries
as being part of the Soviet Union. The Foreign Office also gave the reply that:
"Former Soviet citizens who have settled in this country were carefully screened
on arrival, and the British authorities always carried out exhaustive enquiries
to ensure they deserved political asylum."
(Guardian diplomatic correspondent, 1970.) (2)
The staff of Japanese General Ishi Shiro's biological weapons establishment,
which had the misleading title of the Kwantung army "Water Supply and Disease
Prevention Administration", later known as Unit 731, mass murderers and
experimenters on US, British, Soviet and Chinese prisoners of war who were
infected with various plagues and typhus and died horrible deaths at the
Japanese death camp, were given a deal by the US. They were guaranteed immunity
from their war crimes by the commander of US forces in the Pacific General
Douglas McArthur in exchange for the entire documentation of their data and
formulae and technical information. Unit 731 had enough anthrax (400kg) to wipe
out mankind. (3)
Unit 731 experimenters were later secreted to the US and employed in US
biological warfare establishments where they developed biological weapons tested
by the US army in Korea and Indochina.
German and Japanese specialists with germ warfare expertise were secreted to the
US and given US citizenship and work on US germ and biological warfare
programmes. Many were employed at the US chemical and biological warfare
establishment at Fort Detrick in Maryland, where AIDS was engineered and became
released.
Such was the lack of endeavour regarding Nazi war criminals on the part of the
West that the few punishments given worked out, as West German Public Prosecutor
Dr. Barbara Just-Dahlmann put it: "One mark, or ten minutes of imprisonment per
murder."
"War criminals and those who participated in the planning and execution of Nazi
measures which involved or resulted in cruelties or war crimes shall be arrested
and handed over to the courts."
(From the Potsdam Agreement.)
"Later, many of those useful folk were spirited to the US or to Latin America
with the help of the Vatican and fascist priests; there, they have been engaged
in terrorism, coups, the drug and armaments trade, training... methods of
torture devised by the Gestapo."
(Noam Chomsky, in New Socialist Jan 1986.)
(1)See:New Statesman Aug 5 1988
(2)See:New Statesman Aug 5 1988
(3)See:The Guardian April 2 1982.
Thousands of war crimes cases are still open where the whereabouts of the
criminal is known. The rest are either dead or untraced. The 17 Nazis said to be
living in Britain and the 74 in the US exposed in the British media in 1987 are
only a tiny few of the number still living secretly in Britain and the US and
other countries of Western Europe. There are many thousands more.
And they are not repentant. Klaus Barbie, like Hess' last words at Nuremberg,
remains an unrepentant Nazi, stating that he would do the same all over again.
In May 1951 Nazi Naval Commander Heinrich Gerlach wrote in an article "On the
Ethical Foundations of a New Wehrmacht":
"All power proceeds from the people - in practice this does not mean that
individual citizens exert an immediate influence on public matters. The mass of
little people is absolutely incapable of making its own decisions and of acting
independently. It wants to be governed.
Now what is this new Germany, for which it is worth staking one's life, to look
like? Naturally this new structure must and should be built on the foundations
of the past, a principle which must be emphasised in the reconstruction of a
Wehrmacht... If we wish to make use of these experiences it is first of all
necessary to recognise national socialism and all the events of the Third Reich
as part of our German history... I do not consider everything that originated in
the period of the Third Reich as an error which ought to be rejected simply for
this reason.
Among all the mistakes that were made, much was nevertheless so exemplary, so
appropriate to the conditions of the time and the character of the nation that
it can be accepted as good for the future. In my opinion all these flaws were
caused in a decisive way by the fact that Adolf Hitler unfortunately did not
depend on the old leading class of our nation... Just imagine: the first
thousand supporters of a party leader, of the same mould as Hitler, mainly from
the circles of the good old bourgeoisie, the church, the officers! I am
convinced that with such a 'party' and these 'old party members' our history
would have taken a completely different course."
(Nazi Naval Commander Heinrich Gerlach "On the Ethical Foundations of a New
Wehrmacht.") (1)
After the war Gerlach became Vice Admiral of the West German Navy.
It is sometimes said that the Nazi-hunters should forget it all and go home.
Asked by a rich Jewish jeweller friend and fellow holocaust survivor why he
didn't continue his profession as a builder and become a millionaire,
Nazi-hunter Simon Wiesenthal said:
"You're a religious man, you believe in God and life after death. I also believe
when we come to the other world and meet the millions of Jews who died in the
camps and they ask us, "What have you done?" there will be many answers. You
will say, "I became a jeweller." Another will say, "I smuggled coffee and
American cigarettes." Another will say, "I built houses." But I will say, "I
didn't forget you."
(Simon Wiesenthal.)
(1)See:The Brown Book. War and Nazi Criminals in West Germany. Verlag Zeit im
Bild. Dresden.
The debt owed to humanity can not be repaid while one Nazi criminal remains
free.
"There exists no excuse or justification whatsoever for any person who
deliberately and approvingly participated in any single act that went to make up
these repulsive and horrible crimes, and it does not matter whether he caused or
executed them or only rendered assistance or justified them to the world or
aided and abetted the delinquents."
(Nuremberg War Crimes Trials document.)
There is talk of leniency for these war criminals and letting them live out
their "peaceful old age" because it all happened "so long ago". It must always
be remembered that their victims and the physically and mentally mutilated
survivors were never allowed to live out any peaceful old age. War criminals
cannot be allowed to commit their crimes in the certainty that so long as they
can remain hidden for a few years they will not be brought to justice. Humanity
must not record that crimes committed against it, whether recently or long ago,
can be rewarded with "peaceful old age". It is not revenge that is sought. It is
the heartfelt human duty of justice and retribution and dignity that is owed to
the millions of victims and to the few survivors of the Nazi death camps and to
their surviving families and loved ones that these war criminals should not feel
the security or satisfaction that humanity will reward them with long and happy
lives in "peaceful old age" and that their crimes will go unpunished by
humanity:
"The biological clock on Nazi criminals is running out, and the record of
history should not read that those who took part in these horrible crimes had
the final victory by depriving justice of its true course."
#(Simon Wiesenthal's Los Angeles centre for Nazi war crimes in a letter to
Helmut Kohl.)
School and college history, economics and business studies teaching and books do
not contain any of this information.
All the material and information I have presented here is readily available to
historians, writers, journalists, teachers, educators and syllabus publishers.
Although I have spent many hundreds of hours gathering it all together, I did
not have to look very far to find any of it.
When as a trainee history lecturer, it was suggested I take the class on a trip
to the Tower of London and then set them an essay on what life was like for a
soldier in King Charles' Army centuries ago. Very useful knowledge that! A
sociology of the past perhaps? But certainly not history in its most important
sense; unless history is to mean anything old or 'interesting' that you can do
in evening classes, like antiques, flower arranging or basket weaving. When
instead I taught real history, learning from the past in order to change the
future, the collective life-experience of humanity, I was got rid of. The head
of the history department complained that the students had remarked that I made
them think; which the head of history had probably never done in a lifetime of
teaching. I ended up washing and cleaning and emptying human surgical waste in a
hospital.
Unless teachers learn to be brave and intellectually honest (difficult when they
have a mortgage and bills to pay), future historical, social and economic
education and popular 'knowledge' will also not refer to the US or British
history and continuing complicity in global plunder, exploitation, domination
and control, wars of aggrandisement and acquisition, causing the deaths and
devastation of the homes and lands of millions of people - the thousands of
children under the age of two who will die tonight through simple lack of food,
clean water, medicine and education - the untold millions of unnecessary deaths
among the overwhelming majority of humanity on this incredibly rich and abundant
and ultimately sustainable earth.
From Brian Mitchell. Evolution.
Responses and criticisms welcomed. Reply to my personal e-mail if you prefer. My
replies to criticisms will be posted.
.
"Emancipate yourselves from mental slavery; None but ourselves can free our
minds." (Bob Marley, Redemption song.)
"The most remarkable thing about the world is that you can understand it."
(Einstein.)
"I find television very educating. Every time somebody turns on the set I go
into the other room and read a book." (Groucho Marx.)
"Above all, always be capable of feeling deeply any injustice against anyone,
anywhere in the world." (Ernesto (Che) Guevara, in a letter to his children, a
few months before he was killed.)
"And if we were all capable of unity to make our blows stronger and infallible
and so increase the effectiveness of all kinds of support given to the
struggling people - how great and close would the future be." (Che Guevara.)
[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]
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#729 From: "thomasina-kirby267@..."
Date: Thu Mar 2, 2006 3:47 am
Subject: This connect site is actually pretty good! thomasina-kirby267@...
Send Email Send Email
hey ppls just wanted to give u a helping hand if ur bored this week and just
feel like messing around and having a bit of fun online. this place here
http://www.howamazingisthis.info/gdwy is where i hooked up with my girl, it's
pretty fun. recommend it to u all.
Reply | Forward | Messages in this Topic (1)
#730 From: "thomasina-kirby267@..."
Date: Sun Mar 12, 2006 12:46 am
Subject: Finding 'friends' Online? Read on thomasina-kirby267@...
Send Email Send Email
hey ppls just wanted to give u a helping hand if ur bored this week and just
feel like messing around and having a bit of fun online. this place here
http://www.haveagreattime.info/tcsm is where i hooked up with my girl, it's
pretty fun. recommend it to u all.
Reply | Forward | Messages in this Topic (1)
#731 From: "thomasina-kirby267@..."
Date: Thu Mar 23, 2006 6:34 pm
Subject: I found her here thomasina-kirby267@...
Send Email Send Email
I know some buddys who have met a few nice honey's off of this kind of thing
(here is the place they used: http://www.comeandhavefun.info/eurx , but what do
ya think? I think it is mad cool from what I saw at my buddy’s house, and iam
thinking of signing up later today. Basically it's a regular personalssite,
but with an instant message and Webcams system built in. Basically you join
their chat-room on their site it gives you a link to those people online in the
chat-room, their location, their picture, etc and at one click you can start
chatting to them over Webcam (even if you don't have one). Pretty nifty stuff I
think!
Reply | Forward | Messages in this Topic (2)
#732 From: "thomasina-kirby267@..."
Date: Mon Mar 27, 2006 3:30 am
Subject: I found her here thomasina-kirby267@...
Send Email Send Email
Wow, what a blast, what a trip actually. was kind of getting bored with the net,
was gonna get rid of my broadband and go back to 56k because i hardly used the
thing, and really, I didn't do anything much to need it. But last weekend i
found this crazy pickup thing, with webcmeras and all the gear. used to waste my
time trying to find gals on yahoo, but this place is like 100X easier. this is
the spot that made me decide to stick with my net for a bit longer
http://www.alwaysonalwaysgood.info/ljbb . have fun, i did ;)
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#733 From: "Michael OBrien"
Date: Thu Apr 20, 2006 2:34 pm
Subject: New Group warofguinnes...
Offline Offline
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I've just recently started the "Imperial Japanese Army Awareness
Committee" (IJAAC), and only VERY recently put up a yahoo! group
version of it sometime soon also:
http://groups.myspace.com/ijaac
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ijaac/
The Japanese part in WWII doesn't get enough attention in WWII in my
opinion has never gotten enough attention other than mainland asia,
which is a shame for two reasons.
1. Ignored Holocaust in the East. 8.4 Million innocent Chinese men,
women, and children murdered (often raped). Korean women forced into
prostitution, Nanking Massacre, etc.
2. Lack of understanding of the average Japanese soldier, who was
complex, and often times despite common thought, as innocent as
anyone else who grew up during the Great Depression. Learning how
this is so however, often requires some real understanding though of
the Japanese Army and how it carried itself. The Japanese soldier
was NOT a subconscience fanatic as sometimes portrayed, but a human
being whom, as with all human beings, needs understanding.
It is difficult to analyze the Japanese soldier, but I'd like to end
this post with a quote from Yutaka Mio, who served as a Japanese
Army MP under commands from Unit 731, the most infamous of many
Japanese concentration camps (which there's more information about
on the group):
"It is so important to face the awful things and vow to work for
peace."
http://groups.myspace.com/ijaac
http://groups.yahoo.com/group/ijaac/
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#734 From: "Brian Mitchell"
Date: Thu Aug 3, 2006 2:34 pm
Subject: Member's article: 61 Years Ago Today: The Real Reason For The Nuclear Bombing of Hiroshima evolutionnow...
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The Untaught Syllabus. 4.
History For Peace Activists:
In Their Own Words: The First Shots Of World War Three: Hiroshima And Nagasaki -
Us Atom Bomb Diplomacy - An Atomic Crime.
By Brian Mitchell.
The material for this article is taken from three of the author's books: "1917
And All That: The Untaught History Syllabus. In their Own Words - A Political
History Of The Cold War 1917-1983." which has also been partly serialised in
British and foreign journals, and which arose out of an unpublished (and at that
time unfinished) Ph.D. thesis; and "A Radical Book Of Enlightenment For The
Common Man." which is a compilation of over 1,700 radical political quotes in
subject and historical categories; and "Understanding The Hidden Nature Of
Capitalism. - Or Marx For Beginners." including Marx's full exposure of the
capitalist economic system. A fourth, non political, book is a comprehensive
computer guide for writers and authors.
And yes, it is extremely biased. But when did idealistic academic or
journalistic notions of being 'balanced' or 'unbiased' ever equate with veracity
or reality?
I challenge those who preach a so-called 'balanced' view to come up with a
negation of what is being said.
I am happy for this article to be reproduced and distributed in full provided
that authorship is acknowledged, or as quotations provided that the full
authorship of each quote is stated; and that the work is used for the purpose
for which it is obviously intended - to inform and educate those interested in
the modern history of wars, peace, anti-racism, poverty, imperialism, global
trade and exploitation and the world debt crisis; in other words, most of most
of humanity in this incredibly rich and abundant world.
The First Shots Of World War Three: Hiroshima And Nagasaki - Us Atom Bomb
Diplomacy - An Atomic Crime.
HIROSHIMA AND NAGASAKI:
US ATOM BOMB DIPLOMACY - AN ATOMIC CRIME.
"The use of the atomic bomb cost us dearly; we are now branded with the mark of
the beast."
(New York Times military observer.)
61 years ago today the US dropped nuclear bombs on the Japanese cities of
Hiroshima (August 6 1945) and Nagasaki (August 9 1945) - targets which had no
militart significance whatever. Not only that, the US had ulterior geo-political
motives of showing the world their intention of global power domination.
"I cannot certify that this bomb brought us victory, but it is certain that it
hastened the end of the war. We know that in this way we saved the lives of
several thousand American and allied soldiers who would certainly have perished
if we had not used the bomb."
(US President Truman, Oct 3 1945.)
Were the 247,000 innocent human beings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki really burned
in order to hasten the end of the war and save the lives of several thousand
American and allied soldiers - as the US and many in Britain claimed ?
Not if you consider the words of US Major General C. Chennault:
"...the entry of the Soviet Union into the war (against Japan) was the decisive
factor that hastened the end of the war. Even if we had not used the bomb the
result would have been just the same."
(New York Times Aug 15 1945.)
Or US President Roosevelt, who had realised as early as 1943 that:
"With Russia as an ally in the war against Japan, the war can be terminated in
less time and at less expense in life and resources than if the reverse were the
case."
(US President Roosevelt, in his Quebec Conference document "Russia's Position.")
Or US Secretary of State Stettinius:
"Without Russia it might cost the United States a million casualties to conquer
Japan."
(US Secretary of State Stettinius )
Or American critics Norman Cousins and Thomas Finletter:
"Why did we drop the bomb? Or why didn't we try it out under the auspices of the
allied powers, to show its tremendous effectiveness, and on that basis, send an
ultimatum to Japan, and throw the responsibility on to the Japanese themselves?
Whatever the answer to that question, if the aim of the atomic bomb lay in the
fact that we had to beat Japan before the Soviet Union could take part in the
war (with Japan), no experiment could take place."
(Saturday Review, June 15 1946.)
Or General Groves, military director of the Manhattan project for the
manufacture of the first atomic bomb:
"There was never, from about two weeks from the time I took charge, any
illusions on my part, but that Russia was our enemy, and that the project was
carried out on that basis. I didn't go along with attitude of the whole country
that Russia was our gallant ally. I always had suspicions and the project was
conducted on that basis."
(General Groves, director of the Manhattan project.)
Or Professor Joseph Rotblatt:
"In March 1944 I experienced a disagreeable shock. In a casual conversation,
General Leslie Groves, the head of the Manhattan Project, said, "You realise, of
course, that the real purpose of making the bomb is to subdue our chief enemy,
the Russians!" Until then I thought that our work was to prevent a Nazi
victory."
(Professor Joseph Rotblatt, The Times July 17 1985.)
Or US Secretary of State Byrnes:
"...it wasn't necessary to use the bomb against the cities of Japan in order to
win the war but our possession and demonstration of the bomb would make the
Russians more manageable in Europe."
(US Secretary of State James Byrnes.)
Or British professor P.M.S Blackett:
"We conclude that the dropping of the atomic bomb was not so much the last
military act of the Second World War, as the first act of the cold diplomatic
war with the Russians."
(Prof. P. Blackett "The Military and Political Consequences of Atomic Energy.".)
Or even British Prime Minister Churchill:
"It would be a mistake to suppose that the fate of Japan was settled by the
atomic bomb. Her defeat was certain before the bomb fell."
(Winston Churchill "The Second World War.)
Churchill was one of those in on the beginning of the atomic bomb plans. And at
the time he helped to propagate the myth:
"It is to this atomic bomb more than to any other factor that we may ascribe the
sudden and speedy ending of the war against Japan."
(British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, House of Commons, Aug 17 1945.)
Or US Secretary for War Henry Stimson, who wrote in his diary that the atomic
bomb was: "to persuade Russia to play ball" and:
"The necessity of bringing Russian orgn. into the fold of Christian
civilisation... The possible use of S1 [the code name for the atom bomb B.M.] to
accomplish this."
(From US Secretary for War Henry Stimson's notes after talks with President
Roosevelt.)
"Russian entry will have a profound military effect in that almost certainly it
will materially shorten the war and thus save American lives,"
(US Secretary for War Henry Stimson.)
Or Eisenhower (later US President); when told by US Secretary for War Henry
Stimson that nuclear weapons were to be used on Japan:
"I voiced to him my grave misgivings, first on the basis of my belief that Japan
was already defeated and that dropping the bomb was completely unnecessary...
Japan was at that very moment seeking some way to surrender with a minimum loss
of face."
(Dwight D. Eisenhower.)
And later:
"It wasn't necessary to hit them with that awful thing."
(Eisenhower.)
The Allied powers had agreed at Yalta that the Soviet Union would enter the war
against Japan on land in Manchuria three months after the Germans were defeated
in Europe. This was to give the USSR time to move the Red Army half way around
the world. The German surrender was on May 8 1945, so the date for the Soviet
attack was to be August 8 1945, which they kept exactly to the day. Churchill
called this:
"...another example of the fidelity and punctuality with which Marshal Stalin
and his valiant armies always kept their military engagements."
(Winston Churchill, House of Commons.)
But the US wanted Japan to capitulate to US occupying forces rather than Soviet.
There was no time to test the atomic bomb elsewhere, even though Kure, a
military target, was only 20 miles away, but was already damaged by conventional
bombing and therefore would not be suitable for an "experiment." So Hiroshima,
an undamaged target full of innocent civilian guinea pigs, was chosen for the
"experiment" on August 6 1945.
"It seems clear that, even without the atom bomb attacks, air supremacy over
japan could have exerted sufficient pressure to bring unconditional surrender
and obviate the need for invasion... Based on a detailed investigation of all
the facts and supported by the testimony of the surviving Japanese leaders
involved, it is the survey's opinion that certainly prior to December 31, 1945
Japan would have surrendered even if the atom bomb had not been dropped, even if
Russia had not entered the war, and even if no invasion had been planned or
contemplated."
(US Strategic Bombing Survey 4, The Summary Report on the Pacific War.)
"There was not enough time between 16 July when we knew at New Mexico that the
bomb would work, and 8 August, the Russian deadline date, for us to have set up
the very complicated machinery of a test atomic bombing involving time-consuming
problems of area preparations, etc... No, any test would have been impossible if
the purpose was to knock Japan out before Russia came in - or at least before
Russia could make anything other than a token of participation prior to a
Japanese collapse."
(Thomas K. Finletter, Chairman of US Air Policy Committee.)
"The Americans had no bombs to waste. Apart from the static apparatus... There
were just two bearing the names "The Thin Man" and "The Fat Man"."
(US historian W. Manchester, in "The Glory and the Dream.")
No bombs to waste; the "Fat Man" and the "Thin Man" had to be tested on live
people and the Soviets had to be kept in their place.
Japan was already effectively defeated and had already offered to surrender. The
Japanese had asked the Soviet Union to mediate in surrender terms and peace
negotiations as early as March 1945.
It had been decided to use the atom bomb on Japan as early as the beginning of
July 1945; and Japan's offer of surrender on July 22 1945 was therefore
rejected.
"...the decision to use the atomic weapon against Japan was taken at the
beginning of July, 1945. The first atomic bomb was dropped on August 6 and the
offer of peace made by Japan on July 22 was not accepted till August 10."
(British Prime Minister Attlee, in News Chronicle, Dec 5 1946.)
The US were again informed on July 28 at Potsdam, before the bomb was used, that
Japan was prepared to surrender:
Stalin:"I want to inform you that we, the Russian delegation, have received a
new proposal from Japan... [Japan's note on mediation was then read out in
English B.M.] ... Japan is offering to cooperate with us. We intend to reply to
them in the same spirit as last time."
Truman:"We do not object."
Attlee:"We agree."
(At Potsdam Conference, July 28 1945)
The Japanese also helped propagate the myth that the bomb forced them to
surrender by omitting to announce their surrender offers to the Soviets:
"Already the governing classes, headed by the Emperor, are desperately trying to
'save their face' by ascribing defeat to the atomic bomb, conveniently
forgetting their request to Russia to mediate with the Allies before the atomic
bomb was used...
The assertion that the new American bombs brought the Japanese war to an end is
a myth. As we know, weeks before the appearance of the atom bombs, the Emperor
Hirohito had already asked Stalin to mediate; thus openly admitting defeat. In
reality Japan had been brought down by the interruption of her sea
communications by Anglo-American sea power and the danger of a Soviet thrust
across manchuria cutting off the Japanese armies in Asia from home."
(The Times Aug 16 1945.)
"The entry into the war of the Soviet Union this morning puts us in an utterly
hopeless situation and makes further continuation of the war impossible."
(Japanese Prime Minister Kantaro Suzuki, Aug 9 1945.)
Why the rush to use the bomb?:
"We wanted to get through the Japanese phase of the war before the Russians came
in."
(US Secretary of State James Byrnes.)
Churchill knew about the US atom bomb plans. But they were kept secret from the
USSR. When it was decided eventually to tell Stalin Churchill showed nothing but
deceitfulness and contempt for a loyal ally:
"Still, he had been a magnificent ally in the war against Hitler, and we both
[and Truman] felt that he must be informed of the great New Fact which now
dominated the scene, but not with any particulars."
(Winston Churchill "The Second World War.")
"I am in entire agreement with the President that the secrets of the atomic bomb
shall, so far as is possible, not be imparted to any other country in the world.
So far as we know there are at least three and perhaps four years before the
concrete progress made in the United States can be overtaken."
(Winston Churchill, Aug 16 1945.)
The last thing the US wanted was for Japan to capitulate to the USSR. The US
also did not want the Japanese people to have the opportunity to opt for
socialism:
"Anxious as we were to have Russia in the war against Japan, the experience at
Potsdam now made me determined that I would not allow the Russians any part in
the control of Japan... force is the only thing that the Russians understand."
(US President Truman, in his diary, July 1945.)
"It is quite clear that the US do not at the present time desire Russian
participation in the war against Japan."
(Churchill, to Eden.)
"[It is] now no longer necessary for the Russians to come into the Japanese war;
the new explosive alone was sufficient to settle the matter. Furthermore, we now
had something in our hands which would redress the balance with the Russians...
[Churchill could now say to the USSR B.M.:] If you insist on doing this or that,
well... [the "well" and a pause meant an atom bomb B.M.] And then where are the
Russians!"
(Churchill's Chief of Staff in the war Field Marshal Lord Alan Brooke, talking
about Churchill, in his war diaries.)
"We should not need the Russians. The end of the Japanese war no longer depended
on the pouring in of their armies... We had no need to ask favours of them... I
minuted to Mr. Eden: 'It is quite clear that the United States do not at the
present time desire Russian participation in the war against Japan'."
(Winston Churchill, in "The Second World War.")
This fear of Japan becoming socialist is even more apparent when you consider
that Japan's and Germany's war debts and reparations were not only waived but
millions of dollars of US capital as "Marshall Aid" was pumped into these
countries, as well as Britain and the rest of Western Europe. This also helped
to prevent the possibility that these nations might have "gone communist".
"If the bomb was dropped in a desperate hurry on August 6, it must have been
because Truman was determined to drop it before the Russians had entered the
war... But that was not all: the bomb, as is so clearly suggested by Truman,
Byrnes, Stimson and others, was dropped very largely in order to impress Russia
with America's great might. Ending the war in Japan was incidental (the end of
this war was clearly in sight anyway), but stopping the Russians in Asia and
checking them in Eastern Europe was fundamental."
(British historian Alexander Werth "Russia At War.")
"The bomb might well put us in a position to dictate our own terms at the end of
the war."
(US Secretary of State James Byrnes.)
The human cost of the US trying to obtain a political position where it could
dictate its own terms was right from the start played down and hidden from view
by the US; while subjecting the human and physical remnants and survivors of the
bomb to tests to assess the effects of nuclear bombing. Medical tests were
conducted by the US not for the benefit of the Japanese victims, but purely for
US military experiments. Let no one be fooled by attempts to play down the
effects of nuclear bombing, such as radiation effects, which last for
generations.
"I am an atomic bomb survivor (Hibakusha) from Hiroshima.
On August 6, 1945, forty-two years ago, an A-bomb was dropped on Hiroshima by
the USA. The bomb, containing only 1 Kilogram of uranium but equal in power to
13,000 tons of TNT, fell on Hiroshima with a bomb blast faster than sound and
with heat rays exceeding 2,000 degrees centigrade on the ground within a radius
of 600 meters. In an instant it blew down buildings, houses and people in
Hiroshima, destroying everything...
On the ground, numberless people had fallen, groaning or crying for water,
without anyone to help them. The neighbourhood was so full of agonising cries,
it was hell on earth.
That same day, some 9,000 12-year-old schoolboys were also engaged in work in
the city, under the national mobilisation law. In the instant of the A-bomb
explosion, most of them were charred to death. Those who narrowly escaped being
killed were left naked, their clothes burnt off. With their blistering skin
peeling, they tottered about in the sea of fire, and plunged into the river.
When they looked up from the water, they had already lost their sight. Embracing
each other by the shoulder, red and stripped of skin, they were washed away
toward the sea, crying "Mama, help!" The bodies washed toward the sea on the
seven rivers running through the city, turning the river surface dark, have
never been recovered.
Even if the cry, "Mama, help!" had reached their mothers, who could have helped
them in that "hell"? The hell, in which you could not save even your own
children, that is A-bombing.
People who survived the bombing, and those who entered the city to search for
relatives or help victims were struck down by radiation and died after losing
their hair and bleeding.
Three days later, on August 9, another A-bomb was dropped on Nagasaki. The two
A-bombs completely destroyed the two cities, massacring the people without
discrimination...
A-bombings allow us neither to live nor die as human beings. A-bombs are...
basically intended for total destruction... which we human beings must never
allow to exist.
After the end of World War II, the US occupational forces and the Japanese
government tried to conceal the real condition of Hiroshima and Nagasaki from
the public by suppressing all reports on the damage of these two cities caused
by the A-bombs. This caused delay in relief work for victims and prevented the
effects of nuclear war from being known to the world as well as formation of
international opinion for the banning of nuclear weapons...
We do not want anyone to ever again go through the pain of nuclear war which we
were made to suffer. "Never make hibakusha again" - this is our hibakusha's
heart-felt desire. This is our wish to which we are determined to devote our
lives. For that purpose, we must prevent nuclear war and eliminate nuclear
weapons entirely...
Japan formerly invaded our neighbouring Asian countries and did them serious
harm...
Japanese women have been widening the range of their movements for the
protection of peace and life, with the slogans:
"Mothers who give birth to life also wish to nurture and protect life" and "Let
us join hands so as to make no more Hibakusha."
(Sakao Ito, NIHON HIDANKYO Japan Confederation of A- and H-Bomb Sufferers
Organisations, in Women of the Whole World, journal of the Women's International
Democratic Federation.)
Japanese women's horrific tales of the bombing have made 12 volumes collected by
the women's peace committee of the Buddhist organisation Soka Gakkai. One of the
stories is of Mayumi Yoshida; the long extract shows many aspects of life and
what conditions and government attitudes in the West are likely to be after a
nuclear bombing:
"I have written this for the sake of my older sister, Yuriko, who has suffered a
fate more cruel than death. I have written in the hope that no other children
like Yuriko are born into this world.
Yuriko is one of twenty-two cases of severe microcephaly caused in foetuses
whose mothers were exposed at close range to radiation from the atomic bomb. She
limps because both pelvic joints are dislocated. She has a speech disorder. Her
body is the size of a middle-school pupil, though she is thirty-six. Her mental
abilities are arrested at the level of a two-year-old... She is incapable of
taking a bath, going to the toilet, or doing anything else unassisted.
Yuriko smiles when she is happy and pouts when she is displeased...
Television movies are her greatest joy...
Why has she been condemned to such a condition? Life is given equally to all.
Who was it that twisted and deformed my sister's life this way?
On the day of the bombing, Mother was happily anticipating Yuriko's birth. But,
then, in a flash of fiendish light, the bomb invaded even the sanctity of the
womb and led a mother, an unborn daughter, a whole family down a long path of
suffering...
Mother... had her baby boy, Masaaki, strapped to her back... she was temporary
blinded by a sudden flash of light... the buildings and the fifty workers who
had been there just seconds earlier had vanished. Mother saw an immense fire...
Before long a drizzle of black rain began falling...
Mother took Masaaki down from her back, only to find that virtually countless
slivers of glass were buried in his bloody head...
Mother fell ill a few weeks later...
No one knew of atomic-radiation sickness... On August 29 Masaaki died, but his
name is not listed among the atomic bomb victims since the cause of death was
reported as gastric obstruction...
The child growing in her womb was some consolation for Masaaki's death.
It was five or six years before her death that Mother began complaining of
pains... This was the beginning of her struggle with the monster known as
atomic-radiation sickness...
One day, when Yuriko was sitting next to her watching television, Mother
stretched out her thin arm and took her by the hand. Laying it on her side, she
said, "Yuriko, it hurts here. Rub my side for a little while, won't you?" There
were tears in her eyes.
"Is it very bad Mother - " I started to speak to her but stopped midway,
realising that the tears were caused not by physical pain but by love and worry
for a child that would be left behind...
[Yuriko B.M.] was born... apparently a perfectly healthy baby
Yuriko's first and second birthdays passed. My parents' third daughter was born,
and still Yuriko neither spoke nor walked... But when her younger sister was
already prattling and toddling about, Yuriko still showed no signs of
development...
They went on hoping that one day she would speak and walk normally...
Worried about what would happen to Yuriko after their deaths, Mother and Father
once sent a letter to the United States government by way of the American
commander of the Iwakuni Air Force Installation, hoping to make arrangements to
ensure Yuriko's livelihood. The Japanese government had passed a nominal law
related to medical treatment for atom-bomb victims but showed no inclination to
aid them financially. This is why Mother and Father decided to apply to the
nation responsible for the bombing. Their request was shelved without action...
In June 1968 Yuriko was at last officially recognised as an atomic-bomb victim.
In the hope that it would help the drive to outlaw nuclear weapons, each August
6 Mother and Father took Yuriko to the site of bombing and passed out
leaflets... Some of the people to whom I handed the leaflets looked annoyed and
immediately threw the leaflets away...
In the middle of December, Mother had grown weaker and could no longer see out
of her left eye.
About three days before her death, the attacks of excruciating pain abated, and
she grew so tranquil that we were unable to tell the exact time of her death...
Before the end she frequently said that she had gone on living because of
Yuriko. But at last her determination and strength were exhausted. I shall never
forget watching Yuriko, who did not understand what death meant, sitting beside
Mother and murmuring, "Momma sleep, Momma sleep."
On January 4 of the next year, Father received a letter saying that, though
Yuriko had been recognised as an atom-bomb victim, Mother was not: she had not
been sufficiently examined. The letter was dated December 25, 1978, the day
before her death... This letter symbolises the heartlessness of government
policy in dealing with atom-bomb victims.
Now, sitting alone with Father, Yuriko points to Mother's photograph and says
over and over again, "Momma dead, Momma dead." Like a clock stopped forever at
8.15, the moment the bomb fell... She and all others like her show how the
misery of that abysmal moment persists into the future. All the millions of
words spoken and written in the name of peace are necessary, but people should
come to see my sister and hear her murmur, "Momma dead, Momma dead.""
(From "People Should Come to see my Sister." Mayumi Yoshida. Soka Gakkai
Buddhist organisation, Japan.)
Victims of the US atomic crime; not only were the people of Hiroshima and
Nagasaki 'liberated' from the choice of opting for socialism or capitalism by
being burnt alive; but more importantly: they were the expendable guinea pigs in
the first military acts of the Cold War.
British school and college history syllabus teaching and books do not contain
this information.
All the material and information I have presented here is readily available to
historians, writers, journalists, teachers, educators and syllabus publishers.
Although I have spent many hundreds of hours gathering it all together, I did
not have to look very far to find any of it.
Most people think British education is among the best in the world. It isn't. It
never has been. From before and right through the industrial revolution, the
British ruling class has always feared an educated working class. When it was
proposed to build free libraries for working people a century ago, Lord
Salisbury said: "They don't want libraries; give them a circus."
Now we have an education circus. It means that you can get away with teaching
about the Nazis or Apartheid on a superficial level, because these historical
eras are too well known. But if you ventured seriously and treated them with any
depth revealing the whole story, including British complicity and support for
Nazism and Apartheid, and seriously investigated most other such events in
history, you soon learn that you would be progressively marginalized,
criticised, then ostracised, left out of career improvements or promotion, and
get a sense of the unspoken threat of not being able to pay the mortgage and
bills supporting a teacher's lifestyle.
When as a trainee history lecturer, it was suggested I take the class on a trip
to the Tower of London and then set them an essay on what life was like for a
soldier in King Charles' Army centuries ago. Very useful knowledge that! A
sociology of the past perhaps? But certainly not history in its most important
sense; unless history is to mean anything old or 'interesting' that you might do
in evening classes, like antiques, flower arranging or basket weaving. When
instead I taught real history, learning from the past in order to change the
future - the collective life-experience of humanity, I was got rid of. The head
of the history department complained that the students had remarked that I made
them think; which the head of history had probably never done in a lifetime of
teaching. I ended up washing and cleaning and emptying surgical and clinical
waste in a hospital.
Unless teachers learn to be brave and intellectually honest (difficult when they
have a mortgage and bills to pay), future historical, social and economic
education and popular 'knowledge' will also not refer to the US or British
history and capitalism's continuing complicity in global plunder, exploitation,
domination and control, wars of aggrandisement and acquisition, causing the
deaths and devastation of the homes and lands of millions of people - the
thousands of children under the age of two who will die tonight through simple
lack of food, clean water, medicine and education - the untold millions of
unnecessary deaths among the overwhelming majority of humanity on this
incredibly rich and abundant and ultimately sustainable earth.
From Brian Mitchell. Evolution.
Responses and criticisms welcomed. Reply to my personal e-mail if you prefer. My
replies to criticisms will be posted.
.
"Emancipate yourselves from mental slavery; None but ourselves can free our
minds." (Bob Marley, Redemption song.)
"The most remarkable thing about the world is that you can understand it."
(Einstein.)
"I find television very educating. Every time somebody turns on the set I go
into the other room and read a book." (Groucho Marx.)
"Above all, always be capable of feeling deeply any injustice against anyone,
anywhere in the world." (Ernesto (Che) Guevara, in a letter to his children, a
few months before he was killed.)
"And if we were all capable of unity to make our blows stronger and infallible
and so increase the effectiveness of all kinds of support given to the
struggling people - how great and close would the future be." (Che Guevara.)
[Non-text portions of this message have been removed]
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#735 From: "Brian Mitchell"
Date: Thu Sep 21, 2006 1:15 pm
Subject: Chapters 45 - 48. 1917 AND ALL THAT: THE UNTAUGHT HISTORY SYLLABUS. In Their Own Words: A Political History Of The Cold War 1917-1983 evolutionnow...
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1917 AND ALL THAT: THE UNTAUGHT HISTORY SYLLABUS.
In Their Own Words: A Political History Of The Cold War 1917-1983.
By Brian Mitchell.
Chapters 45 - 48 of 50.
Chapter 45
BUSINESS IS BUSINESS -
TRADING WITH THE ENEMY ALL THROUGH THE WAR.
"During these months of the "phoney war" British Government departments issued
licences for the re-export of spruce from Britain to the Caprioni firm in Italy.
We were short of spruce ourselves; it comes from across the Atlantic. Our
merchant seamen risked or lost their lives to bring it to Britain; we needed it
for training planes, and we could have made Mosquito bombers' wing-spars from it
- if anyone had allowed de Havilland to make bombers at all at that period. The
Italians did make Caprioni wing-spars from it. And less than a year after the
issue of these licences, some Caprionis were bombing London!"
(Tom Wintringham (Gracchus) "Your M.P.") (1)
Even throughout the war it was business as usual with transnational capital.
Business was 'laundered' through subsidiaries of US-German companies and banks
set up through other temporary subsidiaries and mergers to disguise their German
connections, shareholdings, ownerships and directorships. Gold bars made from
the wedding rings, spectacle frames and teeth of concentration camp victims were
passed through the Bank for International Settlements in Basle, Switzerland; a
Nazi controlled bank whose President was American Thomas H. McKittrick, and
whose executive staff were German, British, Japanese, Italian and American.
When Adolf Hitler came to power in 1933 he had immediately appointed Hjalmar
Schacht as Head of the Reichsbank and Nazi Representative at the BIS.
It was his consummate skill at swindling the people which made him
indispensable."
(Adolf Hitler, of Hjalmar Schacht.)
The BIS Board of Directors list of June 16 1943 included Walter Funk (Berlin),
Montague Collet Norman (London), Kurt von Schroeder (Cologne), and Yoneji
Yamamoto (Japan).
When in March 1938 the Nazis entered Vienna, Austria's gold went to the BIS, and
from the BIS to the Reichbank. In March 1939 the Nazis entered Prague and
demanded that the Czech National Bank hand over Czechoslovakia's $48 million
gold reserves. The Czech directors announced that the gold had already gone to
the BIS for forwarding to the Bank of England. (2)
On May 15 1939 Labour MP George Strauss asked the Prime Minister Neville
Chamberlain:
"Is it true, sir, that the national treasure of Czechoslovakia is being given to
Germany?"
The Prime Minister, who was a major shareholder in ICI, partner of IG-Farben,
who had members on the board of the BIS, replied:
"It is not." (3)
The British Prime Minister had denied that the national treasures of
Czechoslovakia had gone to Germany. But as was disclosed later, the actual gold
did not need to physically have been moved in order to be transferred to Berlin,
but by adjusting the accounts of the Bank of England's gold deposits in
Switzerland and Czech bank holdings in London. In 1944 it was discovered that
most of the BIS's dividends were going to Germany. (4)
"This country has various rights and interests in the BIS under our
international trust agreements between the various governments. It would not be
in our best interest to sever connections with the bank."
(British Chancellor of the Exchequer Sir Kingsley Wood, in reply to questioning
by George Strauss.) (5)
(1)Gracchus "Your M.P." Victor Gollancz. London 1944.
(2)See:Charles Higham "Trading With the Enemy." Robert Hale. London 1983.
(3)See:Charles Higham "Trading With the Enemy." Robert Hale. London 1983.
(4)See:Charles Higham "Trading With the Enemy." Robert Hale. London 1983.
(5)See:Charles Higham "Trading With the Enemy." Robert Hale. London 1983.
Other business was done through the Morgan and Chase National banks and
Rockefeller. Ford trucks supplied the German army. General Motors (Opel), and
Ford built the largest percentage of medium and heavy trucks used by the
Wehrmacht. Most of the engines for Ju 88 bombers and the first Me-262 fighters
were built at Opel plants with General Motors capital. Standard Oil supplied the
German army in France with fuel through Switzerland. Standard Oil was refuelling
German U-Boats in the Canary Islands. Standard Oil's Panama registered ships
were not touched by the German U-Boats during this operation. ITT helped with
Hitler's communications, were involved in the rocket bombs which fell on London,
and built Focke Wulf planes. American ball bearings needed by the Allies were
'laundered' through Latin American subsidiaries for German heavy armaments with
the cooperation of the Vice Chairman of the US War Production Board. (1)
"On January 6th, 1944, the United States Government indicted the Du Pont and
Imperial Chemical Industries of Britain for forming a cartel with IG-Farben of
Germany and Mitsui of Japan. Other big firms followed suit - for instance
Standard Oil, which under cartel agreement with the German IG-Farben, blocked
commercial development of one hundred octane gasoline in the US and withheld
technical information from Army Air Corps; or Dow Chemical and Aluminium
Corporation of America, which as a result of an arrangement with IG-Farben
restricted the production of aluminium in the US with the effect that in 1940,
one year after the outbreak of the Second World War, while the USA produced
5,680 tons Nazi Germany produced more than 19,000 tons.
Most Americans were left in the dark..."
(Avro Manhattan "The Dollar and the Vatican.") (2)
Other US companies which were members of Nazi cartels and trusts were the Agfa
Ansco Corporation, the Aluminium Company of America, the American Cynamid
Company, Bell and Howell, the Carbide and Carbon Chemical Corporation, the
National Aniline and Chemical Company, the Dow Chemical Company, the Eastman
Kodak Company, the Goodyear Tyre and Rubber Company, and Proctor and Gamble. The
company that had cartel arrangements with the largest number of US companies,
which included Standard Oil, Du Pont, and the Ethyl Gasoline Corporation, was
the IG-Farben trust. (3)
(1)See:Charles Higham "Trading With the Enemy." Robert Hale. London 1983.
Also:"Recalling the Past For the Sake of the Future: The Causes, Results and
Lessons of World War Two." Novosti. Moscow 1985.
And:US 5th Corps War Department document 2267, July 15 1941.
And:A.C.Sutton "Wall Street
And:Guenter Reimann "Patents for Hitler." Victor Gollancz. London 1945.
And:A. Kahn "High Treason. The Plot Against the People." The Hour Publishers. NY
1950.
(2)Avro Manhattan "The Dollar and the Vatican." Pioneer Press. London 1957.
(3)See:A. Kahn "High Treason. The Plot Against the People." The Hour Publishers.
NY 1950.
IG-Farben, with a total value of over £300,000,000, thirteen percent of whos
capital was foreign owned - mainly by Du Pont of the US, ICI of Britain, and
Francolor of France, was the world's biggest chemical combine. IG-Farben's
holdings outside Germany amounted to at least another £50,000,000.
"By some miraculous chance - and one day this may form a profitable theme for an
investigation commission - most of I.G Farben plants were spared during the war.
If one starts with the enormous I.G. Farben headquarters building in Frankfurt -
now the headquarters of Anglo-American occupation authorities - one would think
a magic circle had been drawn around I.G. Farben establishments to save them
from Allied bombers. The I.G. Farben building in Frankfurt, covering several
acres of ground... By its size, shape and location on top of a small hill, it
stands out as Number 1 target in Frankfurt, whether for high or low level
bombing. But it survived without a scratch..."
(Australian journalist Wilfred Burchett, in his book "Cold War In Germany.")
German subsidiaries of US companies were compensated for damage done by American
bombing to their property. The US Government awarded General Motors $33 million
tax exemption on profits for the US bombing of its motor and aircraft factories
in Germany in the war. (1)
(1)See:Charles Higham "Trading With the Enemy." Robert Hale. London 1983.
Chapter 46
WHO DIVIDED GERMANY?
"Both the President and Eden agreed that, under any circumstances, Germany must
be divided into several states."
(Harry Hopkins.) (1)
"If you had a unified Germany it would be owned by the Russians."
(US historian Steven Ambrose, Channel 4 TV May 24 1987.)
It was the West who wanted a divided Germany.
While publicly presenting a policy for a united Germany the West did everything
possible to ensure that Germany was divided.
As early as the Teheran conference in 1943 the US proposed dividing Germany into
five small independent states; which would thus be harmless and easy for US
capital to dominate. In 1944 Churchill and Eden went to Moscow with a plan to
divide Germany into three parts. Stalin flatly refused.
The Soviets never wanted Germany to be divided. The Soviet view was that it was
not the German people but the Nazis and their financial and industrial
capitalist backers and supporters who were to blame for the war and it was they
who should be punished and pay reparations; it was they who should be broken up,
not the German nation. Throughout the war Stalin refused to identify the Nazis
with the German people. Even in February 1942, when the Nazis were at the gates
of Moscow and surrounded Leningrad, he said in a speech:
"It would be ridiculous to identify the Hitler clique with the German people,
with the German State. The experience of history teaches us that Hitlers come
and go, but the German people, the German State, remains."
(Stalin, Feb 1942.)
And after the war Stalin opposed any policy which would destroy or divide
Germany and thus punish the German people:
"Three years ago Hitler publicly stated that his task included the dismemberment
of the Soviet Union and the severance from it of the Caucasus, the Ukraine,
Byelorussia, the Baltic and other regions. He definitely said, "We shall destroy
Russia so that she shall never rise again." This was three years ago. But
Hitler's insane ideas were fated to remain unrealised - the course of the war
scattered them to the winds like dust. Actually, the very opposite of what the
Hitlerites dreamed of in their delirium occurred. Germany is utterly defeated...
The Soviet Union is triumphant, although it has no intention of either
dismembering or destroying Germany."
(Stalin, May 9 1945.)
At Potsdam the Soviets proposed the setting up of a central German
administration for political and economic unity. This was rejected by the US and
Britain.
In dividing Germany the West broke another Potsdam agreement, a Soviet proposal,
that Germany should remain a single economic unit under the control of the
German people. The Soviets also proposed the withdrawal of all occupational
troops and let Germany be run by the German people. Fearing that a people
released from living under fascism will invariably opt for socialism, this also
was rejected by the Western Allies.
In Paris, Moscow and London Molotov consistently proposed the establishment of a
provisional government of all political parties and trade unions in all four
occupation zones followed by an all German constitution with secret elections by
proportional representation to an all German government of the German people,
(1)Foreign Relations of the United States, 1943, Vol.III.
supervised by four-power observers. Bourgeois democracy could certainly not have
complained about that; since in no way could it have been dominated by
communists, since the Soviet zone had only 18 million out of Germany's 67
million population. Fearing that the whole German people might vote for the
Communists, the West rejected all these proposals.
A unified Germany under terms of the Potsdam Treaty would put Germany under the
control of the German people and give them the opportunity to opt for socialism.
To the twisted thinking of the West this meant "giving it to the Russians." The
West greatly feared a communist Germany:
"The first question is whether Germany will turn Communist...
Manifestly, then, if we wish to make any effort to prevent Germany from going
Communist we, along with Great Britain and France, are impelled to exert every
effort to breathe new life into Germany's prostrate economy by integrating it as
a prospering element, into our own...
...if the people of western Germany became convinced that Communism offered the
best means of unity, the majority of them would become Communist."
(US Government Memo "Future Policy Towards Germany," March 26 1946.) (1)
The West was so afraid of the possibility of Germany becoming communist that
they staged a repeat of the Zinoviev letter incident. A letter known as
"Protocol M", written in pseudo-Marxist language and calling for strikes and
"liberation of the world proletariat", was "released" by British Intelligence
onto the British and world press. Repressions against Communists and closures of
Communist newspapers followed immediately as eagerly as those of the Nazis, and
left-wing books banned by the Nazis were also banned by the West. Three months
later it was admitted in the House of Commons that "Protocol M" was a fake.
The Soviet view was that a divided Germany would always be dangerous to world
security, since sooner or later along could come another Bismark or Hitler to
"re-unite" Germany. The ideas of US military commander of Germany General Clay,
and the modern German and US revanchists are examples of this.
A divided Germany enabled US forces to intervene and put down any socialist
transformation if the German people had any thoughts of 'going communist', which
they could not have done if the whole of Germany was under joint control with
the Soviets.
A divided Germany enabled separate peace treaties to be made by the West which
they could not make with a unified Germany under the terms of the Potsdam treaty
because of the influence of the USSR. Separate peace treaties paved the way for
West Germany to be incorporated into NATO.
A divided Germany enabled US monopoly capital to dominate a seperated West
German state, whereas they could not have dominated a unified Germany under the
joint East-West supervision terms of the Potsdam agreement. A divided Germany
enabled US monopoly capital to dominate West German heavy industry and restore
the power of the cartels and multi-nationals; which would become part of the
foundations of the European Common Market and part of the formation of NATO -
both as an anti-Soviet alliance; and both of which they could not have done in a
unified Germany under the terms of the Potsdam Treaty.
(1)See:W.W. Rostow "The Division of Europe After World War II: 1946." University
of Texas Press. 1982.
A divided Germany also presented for the US a possible future starting point for
the cause of another war against communism:
"The hell of it is that the State Department is always six months behind us.
They have only just now accepted our demand to set up a separate West German
state. We have been all set to go on that for more than six months... Now
they've accepted the idea of a separate state, of course, we're ready to go
ahead with the Peace Statute. With the Peace Statute signed, we can make Germany
an ally. We'll have a seventeenth nation in the Marshall plan with its
heavy industry and 44 million more people on our side... We're losing precious
time. We should be all set to go in another few months... of course we'll be
ready to go. I should say we'll be ready to go. As a matter of fact, one of my
last jobs has been drawing up a paper on our occupation policy for the Soviet
Union."
(Richard Scammon, US Military Government, Berlin, 1947.) (1)
The capitalist world's desire to destroy communism becomes even more obvious
when you consider that the USSR, our ally in the war against German Fascism, was
denied membership of NATO; while Germany, who had just attempted to take over
the whole of Europe - East and West, was immediately welcomed with open arms as
a friend and ally in NATO:
"First of all we should see that Germany is firmly tied into the other nations
of Western Europe and become a full partner in the North Atlantic Pact [NATO
B.M.]. The importance of this cannot be overemphasised... The Shuman plan offers
a real assurance in this direction."
(New York Herald Tribune Oct 27 1950.)
The formation of NATO by the West was a direct violation of the Potsdam Treaty:
"Each High Contracting Party undertakes not to conclude any alliance and not to
take part in any coalition directed against the other High Contracting Party."
(From the Potsdam Treaty.)
NATO was formed in 1949, just after the Soviet Union had demobilised 8.5 million
of its armed forces. NATO was created solely as an anti-Communist military
alliance. The Warsaw Pact was formed six years after NATO.
Plans for rearming Germany, against the Potsdam Treaty, were in the making
despite the deceiptful and naive statements of US and British politicians.
"There is no intention to rearm Germany."
(US Secretary of Defense Louis Johnson, Nov 1949.)
"We are all against German rearmament."
(Ernest Bevin, House of Parliament, summer 1950.)
However, there is a power far higher than a British Labour Foreign Secretary:
"Mr. Bevin went to New York, determined to prevent the precipitate rearmament of
Germany... He failed... Faced with an American ultimatum... he toed the line."
(New Statesman and Nation, Dec 2 1950.)
"I have discussed the whole thing with Monty and he fully shares my view that we
must get a German army as soon as possible. Some dumb politicians are against
it, but they won't be much longer."
(Commander in Chief of the British Army on the Rhine Sir Charles Keightley, at
the Press Club, Berlin, June 1950.) 2)
As part of NATO and against the Potsdam Treaty, and away from public view, West
Germany again rearmed; just as it did in the 1930s:
(1)See:Wilfred Burchett "Cold War in Germany." Melbourne. 1950.
(2)See:Gordon Schaffer "German Rearmament Leads to War." British Peace
Committee. London 1951.
"It is the great merit of the entire German military economy that in those bad
years it did not remain inactive, even if, for understandable reasons, its
activities were hidden from the public. In years of quiet work the scientific
and practical requisites were created so that the German Wehrmacht could resume
work without loss of time and experience at the given hour... Only due to this
work of the German enterprises, which was shrouded in silence... was it possible
immediately after 1933 to find speedy solutions to the new tasks of rearming,
could the many new problems be mastered."
(Gustav Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, in a speech at the University of Berlin in
Jan 1944.) (1)
And for the British, in typical contradictory British logic, that was fine, just
as it was in the 1930s:
"I do not consider that the repeal of the disarmament dispositions of the
various peace treaties would in actual face lead to an increase in arms. On the
contrary, I believe that the announcement of the German rearmament programme
brings new hope of a general limitation of arms by all countries."
(Winston Churchill's son-in-law, Foreign Office official Duncan Sandys, Nov 2
1935.) (2)
Even before the war had ended it was decided by the West that post-war Germany
should again be the bulwark against communism:
#"Back to War Office to have an hour with Secretary of State discussing post-war
policy in Europe. Should Germany be dismembered or converted into an ally to
meet the Russian threat of twenty years hence? I suggested the latter and feel
certain that we must, from now onwards, regard Germany in a very different
light. Germany is no longer the dominating power in Europe - Russia is.
Therefore, foster Germany, gradually build her up and bring her into a
federation of Western Europe. [Forerunner of the EEC. B.M.] Unfortunately, this
must all be done under the cloak of our policy of a holy alliance between
England, Russia and America, not an easy policy and one requiring a super
Foreign Secretary."
#(British Chief of Staff Field Marshal Sir (later Lord) Alan Brooke, in his
diary, July 27 1944.) (3)
In 1945, under personal pressure from the King and Churchill, and against even
Attlee's choice, which was to be Hugh Dalton, Ernest Bevin was installed as that
"super Foreign Secretary".
About NATO Bevin had said:
"This pact is a powerful defensive arrangement, it is not directed against
anyone."
(British Labour Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin.)
Italy's Fascist Foreign Minister Ciano had said the same before the war about
the Anti-Comintern Pact:
(1)See:The Brown Book - War and Nazi Criminals in West Germany. Verlag Zeit im
Bild. Dresden.
See also: The Nuremberg War Trials Documents.
(2)See:Koni Zilliacus "Can the Tories Win the Peace? And How They Lost the Last
One." Victor Gollancz. London 1945.
#(3)See:Arthur Bryant "Triumph in the West." London 1959.
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#753 From: "Brian Mitchell"
Date: Tue Mar 27, 2007 11:40 am
Subject: Chapters 49 - 50. 1917 AND ALL THAT: THE UNTAUGHT HISTORY SYLLABUS. In Their Own Words: A Political History Of The Cold War 1917-1983 evolutionnow...
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1917 AND ALL THAT: THE UNTAUGHT HISTORY SYLLABUS.
In Their Own Words: A Political History Of The Cold War 1917-1983.
By Brian Mitchell.
My apologies to those who have been following these excerpts from my book and
waiting for this last two chapters.
Delays are due to health problems, which will hopefully be now more under
control. Unless we need more money to bomb another country for its oil, of
course. Then I'll probably have to wait even longer for an appointment.
After all, each Cruise or Tomahawk missile being more or less the cost of a new
NHS hospital, built, equipped, staffed and maintained for a year. Whoops, there
goes another operating theatre.
But then we need the oil don't we? How else will we 4 wheel drive Jeep the kids
to the local grammar school - which of course is half way up Mount Killimanjaro?
Thank you all for your patience.
Brian Mitchell.
Chapters 49 - 50 of 50. .
Chapter 49
IT TAKES TWO TO MAKE AN ARMS RACE -
BUT ONLY ONE TO START AND LEAD ONE.
"I'm willing to be just as generous as we possibly can, so long as that's
consistent with maintaining clear supremacy."
(US Ambassador to United Nations Jean Kirkpatrick.)
The West has always led the arms race. And in the 1980s the West was still
planning to lead the arms race:
"Serious negotiations on arms control can only take place after we have
increased our forces... in ten years time."
(Reagan's chief negotiator in Geneva Paul Nitze, Los Angeles Times Sept 28
1981.)
For the third time in their brief history, the Soviet people can see the
capitalist world arming against them; this time with nuclear weapons.
Any scientific look at the history of arms development will show that British
and US 'defensive' nuclear weapons are always about attacking the Soviet Union
through the Soviet Union's continually improving defence systems.
Washington and Moscow did not suddenly decide to have an arms race; like two
athletes or football teams. The whole history of the arms race shows that it was
started by one, and the other was forced to follow:
USA USSR
First Atomic bomb: USED: 1945 Tested: 1949
Formation of military blocs: NATO: 1949 Warsaw Pact: 1955
First hydrogen bomb available: 1953 1954
Medium range missiles: 1953 1959
First Inter Continantal Ballistic Missiles available: 1955 1957
First nuclear armed submarines launched: 1956 1962
Submarine launched ballistic missiles: 1959 1968
Solid fuelled ICBMs: 1962 1969
MRVs (Multiple re-entry vehicles): 1964 1972
MIRVs (Independently targetable): 1970 1975
It is also common knowledge that the West was first with Cruise, Trident and
Pershing missiles, and Neutron bombs, and Manoeuverable Re-entry Vehicles
(MARVs). The West was also first with chemical, biological, and binary weapons.
The Soviets do not have any equivalent of some of these latest US weapons.
From 1945 to 1983, the US, Britain and France conducted a total of 896 nuclear
tests, of these 748 were by the US. The Soviet Union conducted a total of 492
over the same years.
The West has always led the arms race. And the US would not have hesitated to
use its nuclear superiority to blackmail the Soviet Union into refraining from
giving military assistance to any third world country that wanted to take the
socialist path or in some way become independent from US exploitation:
"In the early postwar years, we had a monopoly of nuclear weapons. And for a
decade after that - until the middle or late sixties - we had overwhelming
nuclear superiority... which determined the outcome of the Berlin airlift, the
Korean war, and the Cuban missile crisis... in the late '60s and early '70s, our
nuclear superiority was no longer so evident as it had been at the time of the
Cuban missile crisis; indeed superiority had given way to stalemate. The
deterioration of our nuclear advantage led to the erosion of our position (in
Vietnam) and profoundly affected the final stages of the conflict.
The mission of our nuclear forces. must also provide a nuclear guarantee for our
interests in many parts of the world, and make it possible to defend those
interests by diplomacy or by the use of theatre military forces whenever such
action becomes necessary. .we carry on the foreign policy of a nation with
global interests, and defend them if necessary by conventional means or theatre
forces."
(Eugene Rostow, former head of US Arms Control and Disarmament Agency, in "The
Case Against SALT II." Commentary, Feb 1979.)
"By every significant measure of comparison, the United States has always held,
and continues to hold, a commanding lead in strategic power...
Both the nuclear and conventional balances of power in Europe have always
favoured NATO and continue to do so...
While the Soviet Union has done all it could do to match Western levels of
strength, it has failed to change the military balance...
It is the Soviets who always have to respond..."
(US military and defence expert Tom Gervasi.)
In other words: if we had nuclear superiority we would have used it in Vietnam.
But communists do not want war. They have no interest in war.
"Russia has not the slightest thing to gain by a war with the United States. I
believe Russia's policy is friendship with the United States. There is in Russia
a desperate and continuing concern for the lot of the common man and they want
to be friends with the United States."
(Eisenhower, Nov 15 1944. The Nashville Banner Nov 15 1944.)
Communists do not want arms races. They do not want to build missiles and
missile silos. They want to build houses, health centres, schools, sports
complexes, hydro-electric power stations, universities, industrial complexes,
hospitals, gas pipelines, steel plants, factories producing consumer goods,
railways, roads, ports, and new towns and cities. And they want to trade with
the capitalist world on an equal basis.
"What the Soviet Union proposes to the capitalist countries is competition in
raising the standard of living of the people and not in the arms race, in
building houses and schools and not military bases and rocket launching sites,
in expanding mutually advantageous trade and cultural exchanges and not the
"cold war","
("USSR Today and Tomorrow.")
It was not communists who attacked Vietnam and subjected the Vietnamese people
to over 30 years of war. It was not communists who backed and rearmed Hitler's
Germany. Nuclear bombs were not dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki by communists.
It was not communists who attacked Nicaragua. It wasn't communists who mined
Nicaragua's sea-ports, damaging Soviet ships and killing their crew; or
destroyed Nicaraguan oil installations at Corinto. Communists did not attack El
Salvador, Dominican Republic, Korea, Angola, Lebanon and just about every other
country on earth. It was not communists who tried to destabilise the world
socialist community by provoking counter-revolutions in Hungary in 1956,
Czechoslovakia in 1968, or Afghanistan and Poland in the 1980s. It was not
communists who overthrew Chile's progressive Allende government and installed
Pinochet; or overthrew Spain's democratic government and brought Franco to
power. Nor did communists plan or launch the Bay of Pigs invasion of Cuba.
Communists did not bomb Libya. Communists did not attack or occupy Malaya,
Indonesia, Cyprus, Aden, Iraq, Iran, or attack Afghanistan from Pakistan. And
communist troops do not occupy Northern Ireland. It was not communists who
bombed the innocent people of Kampuchea (Cambodia) and installed Pol Pot, and
communists did not reduce the population of Laos by three million to three and a
half million in the secret bombing war against that country. And communists did
not invade and still occupy the tiny Caribbean island of Grenada.
These attacks, and many more, were the actions of anti-communists and the forces
of capital.
It was not communists, but US or British capitalists who have been involved in
acts of aggression, invasions or military occupations, usually to put down
progressive governments or popular uprisings, such as in Honduras in 1905, Cuba
in 1906, Nicaragua in 1912, Haiti in 1914, the Dominican Republic in 1916, Cuba
in 1917, Nicaragua in 1926, the Philippines in 1945-1956, Greece 1946-1949,
China 1946-1949, Paraguay 1947, Costa Rica 1948, Burma 1949-1961, Puerto Rico
1950, Korea 1950-1953, Guatemala 1954, Vietnam 1954-1973, Costa Rica 1955,
Lebanon 1958, Laos 1959-1962, Cuba 1961, Guatemala 1962, Panama 1964, Columbia
1964, Laos 1964-1970, Dominican Republic 1965, Thailand 1966, Haiti 1969,